Onygenales (Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota) queratinofílicos en suelos de establecimientos educacionales urbanos y rurales de la V Región, Chile / Queratinophilic onygenales (Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota) in urban and rural soils of eduacational center of V Region, Chile

Con la finalidad de estudiar la presencia de Onygenales queratinofílicas potencialmente patógenas para el hombre y los animales, se analizaron mediante la técnica del anzuelo queratínico (Marzo – Diciembre, 2006), suelos de establecimientos educacionales urbanos y rurales de la V Región, Chile. Se colectaron un total de 64 muestras, de las cuales, la mitad se obtuvieron en Valparaíso-Viña del Mar (urbano) y la otra en Olmué-Limache (en zonas rurales). En zona urbana se aislaron 112 cepas (7 géneros y 12 especies) y en la rural 147 (11 géneros y 18 especies). Los géneros de mayor prevalencia en la zona urbana y rural en orden decreciente fueron: Chrysosporium y su teleomorfo 32 por ciento versus 45 por ciento; Keratinomyces y su teleomorfo, 26 por ciento y 16 por ciento; Microsporum y su teleomorfo 23 por ciento y 16 por ciento y Myceliophthora y su teleomorfo con un 13 y 10 por ciento. Amauroascus mutatus, Auxarthron umbrinum, Gymnoascus reessii, Chrysosporium charmichaelii, Ch. merdarium, Ch. tropicum, Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum fueron detectados sólo en la zona rural; mientras que Malbranchea flava sólo en la zona urbana. Mediante la técnica de Takashio, se pudo identificar separadamente las especies del complex Microsporum gypseum, determinándose que M. gypseum (Arthrodema gypseum) y M.fulvum (A. fulvum) obtuvieron una frecuencia de aislamiento similar en ambas zonas, siendo el primero un oportunista potencialmente patógeno para el hombre y los animales.

With the purpose of studying the presence of keratinophilic Onygenales that are potentially pathogenous for man and animal, urban and rural soils from educational centers in the V Region were examined with the keratinic bait technique (march-december 2006). A total of 64 samples were collected, 32 of them being from Valparaíso-Viña del Mar (urban) while the rest in Olmué-Limache (in rural zones). One hundred and twelve strains (7 genera and 12 species) were collected in the urban zone and 147 strains in the rural zone (11genera and 18 species). Genera with the highest prevalence both in the urban and the rural zones were, in decreasing order: Chrysosporium and its teleomorph 32 per cent vs. 45 per cent; Keratinomyces and its teleomorph 26 per cent and 16 per cent; Microsporum and its teleomorph 23 per cent and 16 per cent and Myceliophthora and its. teleomorph with 13 per cent and 10 per cent. Amauroascus mutatus, Auxarthron umbrinum, Gymnoascus reessii, Chrysosporium charmichaelii, Ch. merdarium, Ch.tropicum, Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum were detected only in the rural zone, whereas Malbranchea flava only in the urban zone. Species of the complex Microsporum gypseum, could be identified separately by means of the Takashio technique, coming to the conclusion that M. gypseum (Arthrodema gypseum) and M.fulvum (A. fulvum) achieved a similar frequency of isolation in both zones and that the former is a potentially opportunistic pathogen for man and animal.

Análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de la aeromicota aislada de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, España) / Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the airborne fungi isolated in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain)

Mediante un estudio de la presencia de mitosporas fúngicas atmosféricas en el interior y exterior de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela (España) durante un año, a través de un sistema de captación volumétrico viable, se identificaron 28 taxa, principalmente: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium y Penicillium. Desde el punto de vista cuantitativo no existen diferencias significativas entre interior/exterior, y en ambos casos las concentraciones son ligeramente más elevadas en primavera-verano. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll, con un 94 por ciento en la atmósfera interna y un 82 por ciento en el exterior y Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., con un 65 por ciento y un 63 por ciento respectivamente.

A study was carried out on the atmosphericfungal content in the Cathedral of Santiago deCompostela (Spain) and its exterior during a year, usinga viable volumetric collecting system. A total of 28 taxawere identified, the most abundant of which were:Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium.In quantitative terms there were no significant indoor/outdoor differences, and the concentrations were slightlyhigher in Spring-Summer in both cases. The mostabundant species were Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll,with 94 percent in the indoor atmosphere and 82 percent outdoors,and Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., representing 65 percent inthe indoor and 63 percent outdoors.

Penicillium piceum infection: diagnosis and successful treatment in chronic granulomatous disease.

Infections due to Penicillium species other than P.marneffei are rare. We identified a boy with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) with a pulmonary nodule and adjacent rib osteomyelitis caused by Penicillium piceum. The only sign of infection was an elevated sedimentation rate. P. piceum was isolated by fine needle aspirate and from excised infected tissues. Surgical removal and one year of voriconazole treatment were very well tolerated and led to complete recovery. Microbiological, microscopic and molecular studies support the fungal diagnosis. P. piceum should be considered as a relevant pathogen in immunocompromised patients.

Some coprophilous fungi from Kenya.

The occurrence of coprophilous fungi on samples of antelope, buffalo, zebra and hippopotamus dung collected from the Marula Estates in Kenya was recorded. A hundred and seventy three fungal isolates representative of 40 genera and 59 species were identified. Among these species, 23 were Ascomycetes (39%), 30 Deuteromycetes (50.8%), 5 Zygomycetes (8.5%) and 1 Basidiomycete (1.7%). Ascobolus immersus, Coprotus niveus, Iodophanus carneus, Lasiobolus lasioboloides, Podospora anserina, P. australis and Sporormiella minima were the dominant species occurring in the dung of these animals. Notes on infrequent or interesting Ascomycetes include Kernia nitida, Saccobolus versicolor, Sordaria fimicola and others. The interdependence of the vegetation of this area with the fungi occurring on the dung of these animals is discussed.

Preserved ascomatal and other fungal structures on the remains of a ninth century Longobard abbess exhumed from a monastery in Pavia, Italy.

Auxarthron californiense, Mixotrichum aeruginosum, Oncocladium flavum and Chaetomium elatum were recognized on the basis of ascomatal structures on the remains of a Longobard abbess who died in the IX century A.D. These fungi, which had remained isolated in a crypt of the S. Felice Monastery of Pavia for almost 1000 years, are phenotypically identical to the type specimens. The occurrence of these fungi and their ecological role are discussed.

Occurrence of Aspergillus flavus strains and aflatoxins in corn from Santa Fe, Argentina.

It has been demonstrated in several agricultural regions all around the world that Aspergillus flavus can infect corn grains and produce aflatoxins even before the harvest. It is also known that the incidence and levels of contamination of cereals factors. In the present work, the incidence of aflatoxins in corn grain from the central and northern areas of Santa Fe province in Argentina was studied. The relationship between the extent of kernel infection by the fungus and the presence of aflatoxins in the samples was examined. The isolation and identification of A.flavus were carried out by plating dilutions of the ground kernels on dichloran-rose bengal-chloramphenicol agar (DRBC). Simultaneously, kernels were superficially sterilized with 10% commercial CIONa and plated on potato-dextrose-chloramphenicol agar (PDA + C). The analysis of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) according with Norma IRAM 14803 (Argentina). A.flavus Link:Fr. was identified in 63.3% of the corn samples. Colonized kernels ranged from 2.5 to 25% and counts on DRBC were in the order of 10(3) CFU/g. Two samples colonized by A.flavus contained aflatoxins B1 and B2 (50 micrograms/kg of aflatoxin B1 and 30 micrograms/kg of aflatoxin B2, and 30 micrograms/kg of aflatoxin B1, and traces of aflatoxin B2, respectively). One sample contained only aflatoxin B1 (22 mu/kg). According to these results, it may be concluded that the incidence of A.flavus observed constitutes a call in attention with respect to the conditions required for storage and transportation of the grains, to minimize the proliferation of the fungus and the production of aflatoxins in these stages. Although the incidence of aflatoxins in the samples of grains was rather low, the levels of aflatoxin B1 recorded in the positive samples were higher than those recommended--or given as advisory levels for human foods, by most countries in the world.

Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil of Italian parks in the province of Pavia.

Soil samples collected from 9 parks in the Italian province of Pavia were baited with hair and feathers for the isolation of keratinophilic fungi. The dominant species were the teleomorphs Arthroderma gypsea, A. uncinatum, Ctenomyces serratus and Aphanoascus fulvescens with their anamorphs. Among the other species isolated, Amauroascus mutatus, Gymnascella dankaliensis, Gymnoascus intermedius and Gymnoascus reessii were recorded. The distribution of these fungi is discussed and related to previous records.

Nannizzia racemosa, Chrysosporium lobatum, Penicillium dendriticum y Hyalodendron lignicola: cuatro aislamientos de interes en suelos chilenos / Nannizzia racemosa, Chrysosporium lobatum, Penicillium dendriticum and Hyalodendron lignicola: 4 interesting isolations from chileam soils

Se informa y describen los hallazgos de cuatro especies fúngicas: Nannizzia racemosa, Peniccilium dendriticum y Hyalodendron lignicola aisladas desde el suelo y Chrysosporium lobatum desde el pelaje de un perro

Yeast communities in sandy soils (a beach of V region, Chile) II

Con la finalidad de detectar la sobrevivencia de hongos levaduriformes patógenos o potencialmente patógenos en las arenas de playas recreacionales marinas, información de interés ecológico y relacionada a salud pública, pesquizamos la existencia de levaduras en la zona intertidal y seca en una playa de Viña del Mar (Caleta Abarca), mediante un muestreo mensual entre los meses de Enero a Diciembre de 1982. Por técnicas como el recuento estandarizado en placas y el número indicador de Cooke, detectamos 70 especies levaduriformes distribuidas en 13 géneros: Candida, Cryptococcus, Torulopsis, Brettanomyces, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, Hansenula, Pichia, Saccaromyces, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Rhodosporidium. La mayor parte de las especies aisladas son cosmopolitas en su distribución, aislandose básicamente una microbiota residente y transitoria asociada a hospederos que difiere en cantidad y calidad; 22 especies fueron aisladas en zona seca y 18 en la intertidal. Por lo tanto las playas representan un reservorio de levaduras potencialmente patógenas de interés en salud pública. Nuestros resultados sugieren la utilización de las especies del género Candida como uno de los indicadores de contaminación fecal en playas recreacionales

Microsporum magellanicum and Cunninghamella antarctica, new species isolated from Australic and Antarctic soil of chile.

Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from samples of soil collected in the extremity of Chile, in Southern Shetland and Antarctic continent. Two new species, Microsporum magellanicum and Cunninghamella antarctica are described. Microsporum magellanicum is characterized by verrucose or verruculose clavate macroconidia predominantly uniseptate, 4-87-2micronx14-4-21-6micron. Cunninghamella antarctica has conidiophores usually verticillately, pseudoverticillately and sympodially branched; and globose conidia with evident spines, 12-8-16micron in diameter.

Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from soil in Pavia, Italy.

The examination of keratinophilic fungi in 125 soil samples collected in Pavia, Italy revealed the following organism: Microsporum gypseum 23, M. vanbreuseghemii 4, Arthroderma uncinatum 4, Ctenomyces serratus 5, Chrysosporium tropicum 5, unidentified gymnoascacean 1. Arthroderma uncinatum, M. gypseum, M. vanbreuseghemii were isolated from a city park and cultivated soils; C. tropicum, Ct. serratus and an unidentified gymnoascacean were found only in soils from natural woods. The distribution of the different species is discussed.